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Nicotine withdrawal in smokers peaks over the first three days, but can last for many weeks. Quitting “cold turkey” is not effective for over 90% patients. Therefore, it’s our role as clinicians to support patients trying to quit smoking with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT).

As clinicians, it’s important to distinguish between sustain talk, vague talk and change talk. How can you help your patients get to the change stage? What role do SMART goals play? Should you recommend cognitive behavioral therapy, contingency management, or twelve steps programs, like AA? What about inpatient rehabilitation programs? Find out the answers by watching this video, presented by Dr. Stephen Holt, Co-Director at Yale Addiction Recovery Clinic, USA.

Addiction is a very difficult subject to broach. How should you talk to your patient about their substance abuse? How can you gauge their motivation for change? Find out the answers by watching this video from our course Essentials of Addiction Medicine, written and presented by Dr. Stephen Holt, Co-Director at Yale Addiction Recovery Clinic, USA.

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When assessing right ventricle pressure in congenital heart disease, you can leverage the pulmonary artery diastolic pressure. Which view should you use? At which exact point should you measure the pressure of the pulmonary regurgitation jet? In this video, Cristiana Monteiro—a cardiac physiologist from the University of Oxford—provides answers and explains the underlying physics for this procedure.

Measuring the velocity of the tricuspid regurgitation jet can help you estimate the systolic pressure in the right ventricle. How do you get a reliable measurement in patients with atrial fibrillation? In this video, Cristiana Monteiro—a cardiac physiologist from the University of Oxford—provides answers and explains the underlying physics of this right-heart pressure measurement.

The tricuspid valve is made up of three non-identical leaflets: the anterior, the septal, and the posterior one. Their sizes and positions differ between individuals, which makes identifying them on ultrasound images tricky. In this video, Cristiana Monteiro—a cardiac physiologist from the University of Oxford—explains the anatomy behind septal defects and how to diagnose them using ultrasound.

The interatrial septum can contain defects, like a patent foramen ovale or primum or secundum atrial septal defects. How do you distinguish between an ultrasound artifact and a real defect? What is the role of Doppler ultrasound in diagnosing septal defects? Can the appearance of the right heart provide any clues? In this video, Cristiana Monteiro—a cardiac physiologist from the University of Oxford—explains the anatomy behind septal defects and how to diagnose them using ultrasound.

Right ventricular failure is caused by left ventricular failure, heart attack, or hereditary right heart diseases. What are the echocardiography signs of systolic dysfunction in the right ventricle? How is the tricuspid anulus supposed to move in a healthy heart? What about the free wall of the right ventricle? In this video, Cristiana Monteiro—a cardiac physiologist from the University of Oxford—shares her expert approach to right heart echo.

Measuring the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) with echocardiography is a great way to recognize dilation of the right ventricle. Which views should you use for measurement? Which dimensions should you measure? How can you recognize right ventricular hypertrophy? In this video, Cristiana Monteiro – a cardiac physiologist from the University of Oxford – shares her expert approach to right-heart echo.