Cardiac pacemakers in medicine
Here we start with the basics: what pacemakers are and how they can treat a range of heart conditions. You'll also learn how to select the appropriate device depending on the heart condition.
- Cardiac pacemakers in medicine intro
- What are cardiac pacemakers and how do they treat heart conditions?
- Types of pacemakers
- Pacemakers and sinus node dysfunction
- Pacemakers and heart block
- Pacemakers and 'slow' AF patients
- Pacemakers and cardioinhibitory syncope
- Pacemakers and heart failure
- Who qualifies for a pacemaker?
- Cardiac pacemakers in medicine quiz
Nuts and bolts of pacing
This chapter covers the most fundamental setting for pacemaker function. You'll learn about how a pacemaker is able to "see" when the heart beats and is able to trigger a depolarization.
- Nuts and bolts of pacing intro
- Unipolar and bipolar (vectors)
- Pacemaker sensing and fixed sensitivity
- Auto-adjusting sensitivity
- Pacemakers thresholds
- Pacemaker modes and nomenclature
- Nuts and bolts of pacing quiz
Pacemaker optimization
Pacemakers need to be programmed to regulate the heart rate, ensure patient safety, and improve battery longevity. In this chapter, you'll learn how we achieve this with pacemaker optimization.
- Pacemaker optimization intro
- The right amount of pacing
- Pacing percentages
- Base rate and lower rate limit
- Hysteresis
- The AV delay
- Rate response and sensor rate
- Rate drop response
- Upper rate limit
- What is automatic mode switch (AMS)?
- Pacemaker optimization quiz
Biventricular pacing
Biventricular pacemakers are fantastic for managing a specific group of heart failure patients. Learn who is a suitable candidate and how these pacemakers are able to alleviate symptoms.
- Biventricular pacing intro
- Who qualifies for a biventricular pacemaker?
- Positioning a left ventricular lead
- 100% biventricular pacing
- Diaphragmatic pacing
- Troubleshooting diaphragmatic pacing
- Quadripolar leads
- Biventricular pacing quiz
Common pacemaker problems and resolutions
Unfortunately, pacemakers are not perfect and occasionally go wrong. Learn to recognize the most common problems and how they are overcome through programming or additional intervention.
- Common pacemaker problems and resolutions intro
- Failure to capture
- Undersensing
- Oversensing
- Troubleshooting with vectors
- Infection and lead displacement
- Erosion and twiddler's syndrome
- Upper rate behavior
- Pacemaker syndrome
- Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia (PMT)
- Coping with long first degree AV block — AAI ↔︎ DDD
- Common pacemaker problems and resolutions quiz
Pacemakers and the ECG
An ECG from a pacemaker patient can often be used to assess pacemaker function as well as the function of their heart. Here you'll learn to interpret the paced ECG.
- Pacemakers and the ECG intro
- Pacing spikes
- Pacing on a 12-lead ECG Part I
- Pacing on a 12-lead ECG Part II
- Failure to capture on electrocardiogram
- Undersensing on the electrogram
- Oversensing on the electrocardiogram
- Pacemakers and the ECG quiz
Pacemakers as diagnostic tools
Pacemakers provide a huge amount of patient information that includes any arrhythmia, heart rate variability, and lead data. In this chapter you'll learn what info is available and how to interpret it.
- Pacemakers as diagnostic tools intro
- Battery life
- Arrhythmia data
- Tips for interpreting electrograms
- Heart rate histograms
- Intuitive diagnostics — fluid status and sleep apnea
- Lead impedance
- Pacemakers as diagnostic tools quiz
Pacemakers and external factors
In this chapter you'll learn how magnets and electromagnetic interference can affect a pacemaker and how to make a patient safe during an MRI, radiotherapy, and other medical procedures.
- Pacemakers and external factors intro
- Pacemakers and electromagnetic interference
- Pacemakers and surgery
- AOO, VOO, and DOO asynchronous pacing modes for surgery
- Magnets and pacemakers
- Pacemakers and magnetic resonance imaging
- Pacemakers and radiotherapy
- Pacemakers and external factors quiz