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previews",[218,229,234,239,246],{"type":219,"data":220},"video",{"readDurationInSeconds":221,"video":222},311,{"platform":223,"name":224,"url":225,"size":226},"YouTube","Radiological zones—and an introduction to landmarks","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=ILBLhPyXV7M",{"width":227,"height":228},200,113,{"type":230,"data":231},"free_text",{"readDurationInSeconds":232,"text":233},9.066666666666666,"\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Learn the radiological zones of the chest in order to identify the various anatomical landmarks within them. By the end of this lesson, you will know how to identify the major anatomical regions on a chest x-ray and what exactly you're looking at.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"type":230,"data":235},{"readDurationInSeconds":236,"title":237,"text":238},13.066666666666666,"Join our Chest X-ray Essentials course now!","\u003Cp>\u003Cspan style=\"color: #111111; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; white-space: pre-wrap;\">Want to master chest x-ray interpretation? Take our \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medmastery.com\u002Fcourse\u002Fchest-x-ray-essentials\">Chest X-ray Essentials\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fstrong> course and learn how to interpret chest x-rays like a pro. Your instructor, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medmastery.com\u002Fteacher\u002Fjulian-dobranowski-md-frcpc\">Dr Julian Dobrowski\u003C\u002Fa>—an award-winning author and Professor of diagnostic imaging at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada—will guide you through the essentials of chest x-rays. \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"type":240,"data":241},"cta",{"readDurationInSeconds":242,"text":243,"buttonText":244,"buttonUrl":245},3.466666666666667,"Become a great clinician with our video courses and workshops","Start learning for free","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medmastery.com\u002Fuser\u002Fregister",{"type":230,"data":247},{"readDurationInSeconds":248,"title":249,"text":250},148.79999999999998,"Video Transcript","\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:00:00]\u003C\u002Fstrong> What will I gain from this video? After watching this video, you will know how to define and locate the six radiological zones on the PA and lateral chest x-rays. The concept of radiological zones is introduced to facilitate discussion about anatomy in general terms, while you're learning how to accurately localize pathology, to specific anatomical structures. The radiological zones are used to describe anatomical areas. \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:00:30] \u003C\u002Fstrong>As you develop a better understanding of the radiological anatomy of the chest, you will gradually move away from the description of radiological zones, to description of the specific anatomy. Six zones are described on the PA and lateral chest x-rays. There's the mediastinal zone, the hilar zone, cardiac zone, the lung zone, the pleural zone, and the peripheral zone. The mediastinal zone on the PA x-ray is the whiter area, between the medial \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:01:00] \u003C\u002Fstrong>aspects of both lungs. The margins of these zones are clearly seen on the PA x-ray because a significant part of the mediastinum abuts the adjacent lungs and forms interfaces. On the lateral x-ray, the mediastinal zone covers the same area as the pleura and lung zones, from the front of the thorax to the back, and from the top to the bottom. The hilar zones are two medial areas of the thorax that correspond to the location of the proximal pulmonary arteries. On the PA \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:01:30]\u003C\u002Fstrong> x-ray, they appear as distinct white extension, from the central part of the mediastinal zone. On the PA x-ray, the shape of the hilar zone roughly resembles the letter H. On the lateral x-ray, the hilar zone lies centrally within the thorax and contributes to the whiteness that we see adjacent to the lower trachea and the carina. The cardiac zone lies in the anterior and inferior part of the mediastinal zone. On both the PA and lateral x-rays, the outer \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:02:00]\u003C\u002Fstrong> edge of the zones are formed by the heart, pericardium and mediastinal fat. The specific heart chambers, that contribute to the visible edges, will be discussed in the future presentation on the heart. The cardiac zone on the lateral x-ray is identified anteriorly and inferiorly. The lung zone is the area in the thorax that contains the lungs and corresponds to the air-filled region between the ribs and the mediastinum medially. On the PA \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:02:30]\u003C\u002Fstrong> x-ray, the lung zone will have lateral, medial, superior, and inferior borders. On the lateral x-ray, the lung zone has anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior borders. The lung zone occupies a large percentage of the thorax. Because of the close relationship of the pleura to the lungs, the pleural zone roughly corresponds to the lung zone, on the PA and on the lateral x-ray. The peripheral zone is \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:03:00] \u003C\u002Fstrong>identified here, on the PA film, as everything that lies lateral to the pleural zone, between the two red areas. Similarly, on the lateral view, the peripheral zone represents all of the structures that lie lateral to the pleural edge. The reason the concept of zones is being discussed is because of the overlap of the zones anatomically. \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:03:30] \u003C\u002Fstrong>When we think that an abnormality may lie within the lungs, it may actually lie within the pleura or may lie within the chest wall. It is important to remember this overlap. On the lateral view, the overlap is even more complex because the mediastinal, the pleural, and lung zones overlap completely. One of the keys to identification of specific anatomical \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:04:00] \u003C\u002Fstrong>structures, in the chest, is through the recognition of important landmarks. A landmark should be easy to distinguish on a grayscale image. It should be easy to identify and should have consistent features. An anatomical structure, that meets these criteria, is the trachea. Other useful landmarks that we will discuss in further presentations are the 4th thoracic vertebral body, the carina, the domes of the diaphragms, and the top \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:04:30]\u003C\u002Fstrong> of the aortic arch. In summary, using the concept of radiological zones helps in localization of pathology. Always consider the path of the x-ray beam through the chest and all the structures the x-ray beam encounters. Don't jump to conclusions regarding localization.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"courses":252,"showAwardsBelow":48},[253],{"id":254,"isFreeCmeCourse":255,"title":256,"type":257,"specialization":258,"teachers":260,"cmeCredits":262,"teacherIllustration":263,"backgroundImage":264,"relativeUrl":265,"lastChanged":266,"created":267,"description":268,"relativeURL":265,"meta":269},2306,false,"Chest X-ray Essentials","course",[259],"Imaging",[261],"Julian Dobranowski, MD FRCPC FCAR",7,"https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F99f55ee1-2bf6-4868-b522-41b77b292f87","https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F99f55ee1-fab8-4cd9-8802-795e1f366ede","\u002Fcourses\u002Fchest-x-ray-essentials","1769602519","1444327895","Being able to interpret the basic findings on a chest x-ray (CXR) is one of the most important clinical skills. 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Come in and become an expert.",{"duration":270,"quizzes":271,"lessons":272},18759,12,78,{"id":274,"name":261,"image":275,"profession":276,"relativeUrl":279,"specializations":280},2307,"https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F9c43ceff-b005-4edc-8fb3-8afbb49b8f7e",{"name":277,"description":278},"Diagnostic imaging specialist","Chief of Diagnostic Imaging at Niagara Health in Ontario, Canada. \r\nProfessor and Chair of the Department of Radiology, McMaster University.","\u002Fteachers\u002Fjulian-dobranowski-md-frcpc-fcar",[259],178,"3m",[284,311,330],{"id":285,"title":286,"text":287,"image":288,"author":296,"path":305,"readDuration":306,"readDurationFormatted":282,"internal":307},1350,"How to Recognize INOCA (ANOCA) on an Exercise Stress Test ","Angina, abnormal stress test, clean coronaries—that's INOCA (or ANOCA), and it carries real risk. Learn to recognize and report it with exercise stress ECG.",{"alt":289,"title":290,"size":291,"location":293},"Illustration of the heart's coronary vasculature showing large coronary arteries and the extensive network of smaller vessels affected in INOCA (ischemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries).","",{"width":292,"height":292},1200,{"bucket":294,"key":295},"public-drupal-medmastery-assets-production","\u002F2026-05\u002FC17(1)_magazine image_0.png",{"id":297,"title":298,"relativeURL":299,"image":300,"professionLong":301,"profession":302,"weight":304},1563,"Franz Wiesbauer, MD MPH","\u002Fteachers\u002Ffranz-wiesbauer-md-mph","https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F9c43cef0-41ee-4005-9e4a-d8711c816401","Franz is the founder and CEO of Medmastery. He is an internist with a specialization in cardiology and a master’s in public health from Johns Hopkins University.",{"name":303},"Internist",4,"\u002Fmagazine\u002Fexercise-stress-ecg-inoca",141,{"created":308,"updated":309,"published":310},1778115738,1778118425,1778118255,{"id":312,"title":313,"text":314,"image":315,"author":321,"path":323,"readDuration":324,"readDurationFormatted":325,"internal":326},1348,"Hyperlipidemia screening: who, when, & what to measure","Testing for hyperlipidemia can help you mitigate your patients' cardiovascular risk. Learn who to screen and when, which measures to request, and how to stratify risk.",{"alt":316,"title":290,"size":317,"location":319},"Lipid panel blood sample tubes used to test for hyperlipidemia in a laboratory setting",{"width":318,"height":318},600,{"bucket":294,"key":320},"\u002F2026-04\u002FC121_magazine image.png",{"id":297,"title":298,"relativeURL":299,"image":300,"professionLong":301,"profession":322,"weight":304},{"name":303},"\u002Fmagazine\u002Ftest-for-hyperlipidemia",246,"5m",{"created":327,"updated":328,"published":329},1777403036,1777572381,1777412421,{"id":331,"title":332,"text":333,"image":334,"author":339,"path":348,"readDuration":349,"readDurationFormatted":350,"internal":351},1347,"Outpatient care for COPD exacerbations","Most acute COPD exacerbations can be managed with outpatient treatment. Learn how to treat mild and moderate COPD exacerbations—and when to escalate care.",{"alt":335,"title":290,"size":336,"location":337},"Older patient using a handheld nebulizer to inhale bronchodilator medication during an acute COPD exacerbation",{"width":318,"height":318},{"bucket":294,"key":338},"\u002F2026-04\u002FC133(4)_ exacerbations_magazine image.png",{"id":340,"title":341,"relativeURL":342,"image":343,"professionLong":344,"profession":345,"weight":347},5365,"Siamak Moayedi, MD","\u002Fteachers\u002Fsiamak-moayedi-md","https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F9c43cf02-1064-4074-817b-0eb5de6ded74","Professor and Director of Medical Student Education, University of Maryland and Course Director, Essential and Critical Procedures, Emergency Medicine.",{"name":346},"Emergency medicine physician",1533,"\u002Fmagazine\u002Facute-copd-exacerbation-treatment",191,"4m",{"created":352,"updated":353,"published":354},1776705362,1776710540,1776710541,{"seo":356,"og":358},{"title":357,"description":213},"Radiological zones—an introduction to landmarks | Medmastery",{"title":357,"description":213,"image":359},{"alt":290,"title":290,"size":360,"location":362},{"width":361,"height":312},2484,{"bucket":294,"key":363},"\u002Fmigrated-images\u002FScreen Shot 2018-01-10 at 9.38.36 PM.png",{"id":365,"created":366,"updated":367,"published":366},176,1515580886,1655189586]