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profesores",{"title":54,"url":55},{"title":57,"url":58},{"title":152,"group":48,"menu":153},"Producto",[154,156,157,158,159,160,161],{"title":155,"url":7},"Cursos",{"title":65,"url":66},{"title":68,"url":69},{"title":71,"url":72},{"title":74,"url":75},{"title":35,"url":77},{"title":31,"url":10},{"title":163,"group":48,"menu":164},"Información legal",[165,167,168,169,170],{"title":166,"url":84},"Aviso legal",{"title":86,"url":87},{"title":89,"url":90},{"title":92,"url":93},{"title":95,"url":96},{"title":172,"group":48,"menu":173},"Atención al cliente",[174,175,176],{"title":101,"url":102},{"title":104,"url":105},{"title":107,"url":108},[178,185,196,204],{"title":179,"group":48,"menu":180},"Entreprise",[181,183,184],{"title":182,"url":52},"Nos enseignants",{"title":54,"url":55},{"title":57,"url":58},{"title":186,"group":48,"menu":187},"Produit",[188,189,190,191,192,193,194],{"title":38,"url":7},{"title":65,"url":66},{"title":68,"url":69},{"title":71,"url":72},{"title":74,"url":75},{"title":15,"url":77},{"title":195,"url":10},"Tarification",{"title":197,"group":48,"menu":198},"Mentions légales",[199,200,201,202,203],{"title":197,"url":84},{"title":86,"url":87},{"title":89,"url":90},{"title":92,"url":93},{"title":95,"url":96},{"title":205,"group":48,"menu":206},"Service client",[207,208,209],{"title":101,"url":102},{"title":104,"url":105},{"title":107,"url":108},{"content":211,"related":293,"meta":359,"internal":370},{"title":212,"leadIn":213,"category":214,"elements":217,"becomeAnExpert":247,"author":281,"readDuration":291,"readDurationFormatted":292},"Oxygen therapy in COPD: when to start and how to monitor","Not every COPD patient with low oxygen saturation needs long-term oxygen therapy. Learn the key indications for oxygen therapy and how to monitor your patient once supplementary oxygen therapy is started.",{"id":215,"name":216},1,"Course previews",[218,229,234,242],{"type":219,"data":220},"video",{"readDurationInSeconds":221,"video":222},254,{"platform":223,"name":224,"url":225,"size":226},"YouTube","Indications for Oxygen Therapy: PaO₂ and Oxygen Saturation | Long-Term Oxygen Therapy in COPD","https:\u002F\u002Fyoutu.be\u002Fp2lLt5yAdkM",{"width":227,"height":228},200,113,{"type":230,"data":231},"free_text",{"readDurationInSeconds":232,"text":233},37.6,"\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>Not every COPD patient with low oxygen levels meets the threshold for long-term supplementary oxygen therapy—this lesson covers the exact cutoffs and when they apply. \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>When your patient with COPD also has pulmonary hypertension or heart failure, the indications for oxygen therapy change. And if they're planning to fly? The picture shifts again. Comorbidities adjust the thresholds, and knowing when to use oxygen therapy—and how to monitor your patient after starting—ensures it's used appropriately. This lesson covers these and other practical considerations for managing oxygen therapy in COPD.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cspan>In this lesson from our \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medmastery.com\u002Fcourses\u002Fcopd-essentials\">\u003Cspan>COPD Essentials course\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fa>\u003Cspan> you'll learn how to:\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli dir=\"ltr\" data-list-item-id=\"e9a834e357c465718bb7aeee50cdfa020\">\u003Cspan>Identify the PaO₂ and saturation thresholds for supplementary oxygen therapy\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli dir=\"ltr\" data-list-item-id=\"e5118053f24b48be602f9c5ed4484dde3\">\u003Cspan>Apply adjusted thresholds when comorbidities are present\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli dir=\"ltr\" data-list-item-id=\"e7e8f24ef7918cb0ad204e6c85c0ca680\">\u003Cspan>Monitor patients after starting long-term oxygen therapy\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli dir=\"ltr\" data-list-item-id=\"e5d372f13bb3c358c9485ba2d0b9638b9\">\u003Cspan>Recognize when pulse oximetry may overestimate oxygen saturation\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli dir=\"ltr\" data-list-item-id=\"e186b74a2999278f15786954bb6612f02\">\u003Cspan>Assess whether your patient needs supplemental oxygen during air travel\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>",{"type":235,"data":236},"cta",{"readDurationInSeconds":237,"text":238,"buttonText":239,"buttonUrl":240,"teachIllustration":241},3.466666666666667,"Start the first chapter of our COPD Essentials course for free","Start chapter 1 now","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medmastery.com\u002Fuser\u002Fregister?target=%2Fcourses%2Fcopd-essentials","https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F9e276cff-c252-424b-ab3e-a5580dc2d82f",{"type":230,"data":243},{"readDurationInSeconds":244,"title":245,"text":246},116.53333333333333,"Transcript","\u003Ch3 dir=\"ltr\" id=\"docs-internal-guid-5b297c74-7fff-9458-7b46-db4bd419745c\">\u003Cspan>PaO₂ and oxygenation\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>[00:00] \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>The partial pressure of oxygen, or PaO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub>, is a critical component of arterial blood gas, or ABG, analysis, providing information about how well the lungs are doing with respect to oxygenation. \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>Measuring oxygenation: PaO₂ units and conversion\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>[00:13]\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>The standard international unit for partial pressure is kPa, but in clinical practice, mmHg is more commonly used. To convert between the two, remember that 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa. To go from mmHg to kPa, multiply by 0.133. And to go from kPa to mmHg, divide by 0.133. In this Medmastery course, we'll stick with mmHg, but knowing this conversion is helpful since you'll encounter both units in different contexts.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>Oxygen saturation in COPD: PaO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> levels\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>[00:54] \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>Normal PaO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> levels typically range between 75 and 100 mmHg when breathing room air at sea level. Deviations from this range can indicate respiratory disorders, lung diseases, or that oxygen therapy is not sufficiently improving oxygenation as expected. \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>Supplementary oxygen therapy in COPD\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Ch4 dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>When to use oxygen therapy in COPD\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh4>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>[01:16] \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>Studies have shown that supplemental long-term oxygen for more than 15 hours per day in patients with severe resting hypoxemia increases survival. On the other hand, oxygen does not benefit patients with stable COPD experiencing slightly lower than normal arterial oxygen levels, partly due to their adaptation to mild hypoxia and a diminished respiratory drive with supplemental oxygen.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch4 dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>Which COPD patients benefit from supplemental oxygen\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh4>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>[01:44] \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>Long-term oxygen supplementation is needed in patients with a PaO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> less than 55 mmHg or an oxygen saturation below 88%. And if their condition is complicated with pulmonary hypertension or congestive heart failure, the magic number is a PaO\u003Csub>2\u003C\u002Fsub> below 60 mmHg. These patients should have their ABG tested at least twice over a three-week period to confirm that the levels are low enough for oxygen therapy.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch4 dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>Monitoring oxygen saturation during oxygen therapy\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh4>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>[02:18] \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>After starting long-term oxygen, your patient should be reevaluated in two months with a repeat ABG test or oxygen saturation measurements using pulse oximetry. This evaluation should be conducted while the patient is breathing room air or at the prescribed oxygen flow rate. The results of this reevaluation will help you decide if the patient still needs to be on oxygen or whether an adjustment to the flow rate is needed. The goal of oxygen supplementation is to keep oxygen saturations of the blood above 90%.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>Pulse oximetry limitations in patients with darker skin tone\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>[02:56] \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>An important consideration is that some pulse oximetry machines falsely overstate the blood oxygen in patients with darker skin pigments. For this reason, in patients with darker skin, an ABG may provide a more accurate measurement of oxygen saturation compared to pulse oximetry.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3 dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>Supplemental oxygen needs at altitude in COPD\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>[03:17] \u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cspan>Now, if your patient is planning to travel by air, temporary oxygen therapy may be needed because of the decreased partial pressure of oxygen at altitude. Patients with resting oxygen saturations more than 95% and a six-minute walk oxygen saturation greater than 84% will likely not need supplemental oxygen on an airplane. But patients with moderate to severe hypoxemia at sea level will need supplemental oxygen during air travel at 3 liters per minute by nasal cannula.\u003C\u002Fspan>\u003C\u002Fp>",{"courses":248,"showAwardsBelow":48},[249,269],{"id":250,"isFreeCmeCourse":251,"title":252,"type":253,"specialization":254,"teachers":256,"cmeCredits":258,"teacherIllustration":259,"backgroundImage":260,"relativeUrl":261,"lastChanged":262,"created":263,"description":264,"relativeURL":261,"meta":265},3174,false,"Mechanical Ventilation Essentials","course",[255],"Pulmonary",[257],"Josh Cosa, MA RRT-ACCS RRT-NPS RCP",3,"https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F99f55eb9-e042-4b5f-9b7c-f6f434d1f687","https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F99f55eba-e0d7-4aa6-a120-b678c02ecb73","\u002Fcourses\u002Fmechanical-ventilation-essentials","1763556384","1580071907","In this course we'll teach you everything you need to know about mechanical ventilation during your first night in the ICU, how to make initial adjustments in a newly intubated patient, how to fine-tune the ventilator settings to manage patients with restrictive or obstructive respiratory disease, and how to get your patient ready for extubation. We'll take you from respiratory rookie to rockstar!",{"duration":266,"quizzes":267,"lessons":268},6349,5,37,{"id":270,"isFreeCmeCourse":251,"title":271,"type":272,"specialization":273,"teachers":274,"cmeCredits":215,"teacherIllustration":259,"backgroundImage":260,"relativeUrl":275,"lastChanged":276,"created":277,"description":278,"relativeURL":275,"meta":279},3351,"Mechanical Ventilation Essentials Workshop","workshop",[255],[257],"\u002Fworkshops\u002Fmechanical-ventilation-essentials-workshop","1776295455","1580071906","Master the management of patients in respiratory distress through the cases in this hands-on workshop. You’ll practice how to handle the breathing requirements of patients with asthma, COPD, and congestive heart failure, decide when to intubate and when to wean, determine correct initial ventilator settings, and identify when settings need to be changed quickly!",{"cases":280},10,{"id":282,"name":283,"image":284,"profession":285,"relativeUrl":288,"specializations":289},5365,"Siamak Moayedi, MD","https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F9c43cf02-1064-4074-817b-0eb5de6ded74",{"name":286,"description":287},"Emergency medicine physician","Professor and Director of Medical Student Education, University of Maryland and Course Director, Essential and Critical Procedures, Emergency Medicine.","\u002Fteachers\u002Fsiamak-moayedi-md",[290,255],"Emergency medicine and critical care",168,"3m",[294,321,340],{"id":295,"title":296,"text":297,"image":298,"author":306,"path":315,"readDuration":316,"readDurationFormatted":292,"internal":317},1350,"How to Recognize INOCA (ANOCA) on an Exercise Stress Test ","Angina, abnormal stress test, clean coronaries—that's INOCA (or ANOCA), and it carries real risk. Learn to recognize and report it with exercise stress ECG.",{"alt":299,"title":300,"size":301,"location":303},"Illustration of the heart's coronary vasculature showing large coronary arteries and the extensive network of smaller vessels affected in INOCA (ischemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries).","",{"width":302,"height":302},1200,{"bucket":304,"key":305},"public-drupal-medmastery-assets-production","\u002F2026-05\u002FC17(1)_magazine image_0.png",{"id":307,"title":308,"relativeURL":309,"image":310,"professionLong":311,"profession":312,"weight":314},1563,"Franz Wiesbauer, MD MPH","\u002Fteachers\u002Ffranz-wiesbauer-md-mph","https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F9c43cef0-41ee-4005-9e4a-d8711c816401","Franz is the founder and CEO of Medmastery. He is an internist with a specialization in cardiology and a master’s in public health from Johns Hopkins University.",{"name":313},"Internist",4,"\u002Fmagazine\u002Fexercise-stress-ecg-inoca",141,{"created":318,"updated":319,"published":320},1778115738,1778118425,1778118255,{"id":322,"title":323,"text":324,"image":325,"author":331,"path":333,"readDuration":334,"readDurationFormatted":335,"internal":336},1348,"Hyperlipidemia screening: who, when, & what to measure","Testing for hyperlipidemia can help you mitigate your patients' cardiovascular risk. Learn who to screen and when, which measures to request, and how to stratify risk.",{"alt":326,"title":300,"size":327,"location":329},"Lipid panel blood sample tubes used to test for hyperlipidemia in a laboratory setting",{"width":328,"height":328},600,{"bucket":304,"key":330},"\u002F2026-04\u002FC121_magazine image.png",{"id":307,"title":308,"relativeURL":309,"image":310,"professionLong":311,"profession":332,"weight":314},{"name":313},"\u002Fmagazine\u002Ftest-for-hyperlipidemia",246,"5m",{"created":337,"updated":338,"published":339},1777403036,1777572381,1777412421,{"id":341,"title":342,"text":343,"image":344,"author":349,"path":352,"readDuration":353,"readDurationFormatted":354,"internal":355},1347,"Outpatient care for COPD exacerbations","Most acute COPD exacerbations can be managed with outpatient treatment. Learn how to treat mild and moderate COPD exacerbations—and when to escalate care.",{"alt":345,"title":300,"size":346,"location":347},"Older patient using a handheld nebulizer to inhale bronchodilator medication during an acute COPD exacerbation",{"width":328,"height":328},{"bucket":304,"key":348},"\u002F2026-04\u002FC133(4)_ exacerbations_magazine image.png",{"id":282,"title":283,"relativeURL":288,"image":284,"professionLong":287,"profession":350,"weight":351},{"name":286},1533,"\u002Fmagazine\u002Facute-copd-exacerbation-treatment",191,"4m",{"created":356,"updated":357,"published":358},1776705362,1776710540,1776710541,{"seo":360,"og":363},{"title":361,"description":362},"Oxygen Therapy in COPD: Indications and Monitoring | Medmastery","Oxygen therapy in COPD isn’t always beneficial—even when oxygen levels are lower than normal. Learn the key indications for oxygen therapy and how to manage it.",{"title":361,"description":362,"image":364},{"alt":365,"title":300,"size":366,"location":368},"Patient using nasal cannula for supplemental oxygen therapy in COPD care",{"width":302,"height":367},630,{"bucket":304,"key":369},"\u002F2026-04\u002FC133-3_OG-image.png",{"id":371,"created":372,"updated":373,"published":374},1346,1775953309,1776050389,1775957397]