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enseignants",{"title":54,"url":55},{"title":57,"url":58},{"title":186,"group":48,"menu":187},"Produit",[188,189,190,191,192,193,194],{"title":38,"url":7},{"title":65,"url":66},{"title":68,"url":69},{"title":71,"url":72},{"title":74,"url":75},{"title":15,"url":77},{"title":195,"url":10},"Tarification",{"title":197,"group":48,"menu":198},"Mentions légales",[199,200,201,202,203],{"title":197,"url":84},{"title":86,"url":87},{"title":89,"url":90},{"title":92,"url":93},{"title":95,"url":96},{"title":205,"group":48,"menu":206},"Service client",[207,208,209],{"title":101,"url":102},{"title":104,"url":105},{"title":107,"url":108},{"content":211,"related":282,"meta":353,"internal":363},{"title":212,"leadIn":213,"category":214,"elements":217,"becomeAnExpert":250,"author":272,"readDuration":280,"readDurationFormatted":281},"Interpreting abnormal PFT patterns","Learn about the various patterns of pulmonary function test abnormalities and how to apply this knowledge when diagnosing disease.",{"id":215,"name":216},1,"Course previews",[218,228,233,238,245],{"type":219,"data":220},"video",{"readDurationInSeconds":221,"video":222},315,{"platform":223,"name":212,"url":224,"size":225},"YouTube","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=__kpsJKVnFg",{"width":226,"height":227},200,113,{"type":229,"data":230},"free_text",{"readDurationInSeconds":231,"text":232},7.2,"\u003Cp>In this video, from our Pulmonary Function Testing Essentials course, you'll learn about the various patterns of pulmonary function test abnormalities and how to apply this knowledge when diagnosing disease.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"type":229,"data":234},{"readDurationInSeconds":235,"title":236,"text":237},18.133333333333333,"Join our Pulmonary Function Testing Essentials course today!","\u003Cp>Take a deep dive into our \u003Cstrong>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medmastery.com\u002Fcourse\u002Fpulmonary-function-testing-essentials\">Pulmonary Function Testing Essentials\u003C\u002Fa> \u003C\u002Fstrong>course and learn how to apply PFT interpretation guidelines to clinical cases. You'll learn when to use spirometry in your daily clinical practice, what tests to order, and how to interpret results. Complex concepts, like lung volumes, spirometry, diffusing capacity, bronchodilator responsiveness, and obstructive and restrictive patterns, will become second nature to you once you’ve completed this course.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"type":239,"data":240},"cta",{"readDurationInSeconds":241,"text":242,"buttonText":243,"buttonUrl":244},3.466666666666667,"Become a great clinician with our video courses and workshops","Start learning for free","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.medmastery.com\u002Fuser\u002Fregister",{"type":229,"data":246},{"readDurationInSeconds":247,"title":248,"text":249},101.86666666666666,"Video Transcript","\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:00:00]\u003C\u002Fstrong> Pulmonary function test interpretation rests on comparing individual results with reference or predicted values for large populations of healthy people. The reference population used should have a normal distribution of sex, age, and height, and reflect the ethnic background of the patient population being tested. Traditional pulmonary function test interpretation \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:00:30] \u003C\u002Fstrong>lacks statistical validation and is based on values for FEV1, FVC, and lung volumes greater than 80% predicted, considered as normal. While such methodology is easy to remember and apply, misclassification as normal or abnormal may occur. Even so, this traditional method of classification is still used in general practice. \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:01:00] \u003C\u002Fstrong>For example, the global initiative for obstructive lung disease or GOLD classification scheme for COPD is predicated on this traditional classification. More recently, guidelines have been developed, which are supported by statistical rigor in their application. The guidelines recommend that in the United States, for example, reference equations from the National Health and Nutrition \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:01:30]\u003C\u002Fstrong> Survey III or NHANES III be used and that individual pulmonary function test results be considered abnormal if the patient falls below the fifth percentile of the reference population. Broadly speaking, interpretation of pulmonary function test begins with recognition of major categories of pathophysiologic abnormalities, as an obstructive pattern or restrictive pattern or both. \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:02:00]\u003C\u002Fstrong> An obstructive pattern, usually due to airway narrowing anywhere from the upper airway to the small peripheral bronchioles, is characterized by reduced airflow rates with the reduction in the ratio of FEV1 to vital capacity. Commonly, an elevation in lung volumes, particularly TLC, may also be noted. On the other hand, a restrictive pattern is \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:02:30] \u003C\u002Fstrong>characterized by a limitation in lung or chest wall expansion and is manifest as a reduced vital capacity, preserved FEV1 to FVC ratio, and reduced lung volumes. Some disease states may produce both obstructive and restrictive findings, constituting a so called combined or mixed pattern. Finally, a reduction in gas transfer may be seen as \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:03:00]\u003C\u002Fstrong> part of either an obstructive or restrictive pattern or as an isolated finding. Using the traditional method, the following rules are generally applied. An FEV1 over FVC of less than 70% implies airway obstruction. An FEV1 over FVC of 70% or greater, along with reduced lung volumes, especially TLC to less than \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:03:30]\u003C\u002Fstrong> 80% predicted, indicates restriction. As an example of use of this system in classifying lung disease, let's consider the GOLD classification of airflow limitation in COPD. The global initiative for obstructive lung disease or GOLD classification uses defined cutoffs as part of its classification scheme. In particular, in evaluating the \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\">\u003Cstrong>[00:04:00]\u003C\u002Fstrong> severity of obstructive airways disease, which itself is defined as a post-bronchodilator FEV1 to FVC ratio of less than 0.7. Mild disease or GOLD 1 is an FEV1 greater than 80% predicted. Moderate obstructive disease or GOLD 2 is an FEV1 greater than or equal to 50% but less than 80% \u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>\u003Cstrong>[00:04:30]\u003C\u002Fstrong> predicted. Severe obstruction or GOLD 3 is an FEV1 greater than or equal to 30% but less than 50% predicted. In very severe obstruction or GOLD 4 is an FEV1 less than 30% predicted.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"courses":251,"showAwardsBelow":48},[252],{"id":253,"isFreeCmeCourse":254,"title":255,"type":256,"specialization":257,"teachers":259,"cmeCredits":261,"teacherIllustration":262,"backgroundImage":263,"relativeUrl":264,"lastChanged":265,"created":266,"description":267,"relativeURL":264,"meta":268},5730,false,"Pulmonary Function Testing Essentials","course",[258],"Pulmonary",[260],"Michael A. Grippi, MD",4,"https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F99f55eef-50ef-4b84-a483-3d79e6f6691b","https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F99f55eef-f487-4620-bf7c-bb25d7b2b074","\u002Fcourses\u002Fpulmonary-function-testing-essentials","1768253388","1553014043","Pulmonary function testing is a pretty niche topic—and it’s about much more than simply looking at computer-generated test results. 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Know when to use spirometry, what additional (and relatively uncommon) tests to consider, and how to use diagnostic algorithms to interpret test results.",{"duration":269,"quizzes":270,"lessons":271},7134,10,42,{"id":273,"name":260,"image":274,"profession":275,"relativeUrl":278,"specializations":279},5729,"https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F9c43ceff-d627-4aad-9d2d-ebd3289385bf",{"name":276,"description":277},"Pulmonologist","Michael is Vice Chairman in the Department of Medicine and Associate Professor of Medicine in the Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division at the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA.","\u002Fteachers\u002Fmichael-a-grippi-md",[258],137,"3m",[283,309,328],{"id":284,"title":285,"text":286,"image":287,"author":295,"path":303,"readDuration":304,"readDurationFormatted":281,"internal":305},1350,"How to Recognize INOCA (ANOCA) on an Exercise Stress Test ","Angina, abnormal stress test, clean coronaries—that's INOCA (or ANOCA), and it carries real risk. Learn to recognize and report it with exercise stress ECG.",{"alt":288,"title":289,"size":290,"location":292},"Illustration of the heart's coronary vasculature showing large coronary arteries and the extensive network of smaller vessels affected in INOCA (ischemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries).","",{"width":291,"height":291},1200,{"bucket":293,"key":294},"public-drupal-medmastery-assets-production","\u002F2026-05\u002FC17(1)_magazine image_0.png",{"id":296,"title":297,"relativeURL":298,"image":299,"professionLong":300,"profession":301,"weight":261},1563,"Franz Wiesbauer, MD MPH","\u002Fteachers\u002Ffranz-wiesbauer-md-mph","https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F9c43cef0-41ee-4005-9e4a-d8711c816401","Franz is the founder and CEO of Medmastery. He is an internist with a specialization in cardiology and a master’s in public health from Johns Hopkins University.",{"name":302},"Internist","\u002Fmagazine\u002Fexercise-stress-ecg-inoca",141,{"created":306,"updated":307,"published":308},1778115738,1778118425,1778118255,{"id":310,"title":311,"text":312,"image":313,"author":319,"path":321,"readDuration":322,"readDurationFormatted":323,"internal":324},1348,"Hyperlipidemia screening: who, when, & what to measure","Testing for hyperlipidemia can help you mitigate your patients' cardiovascular risk. Learn who to screen and when, which measures to request, and how to stratify risk.",{"alt":314,"title":289,"size":315,"location":317},"Lipid panel blood sample tubes used to test for hyperlipidemia in a laboratory setting",{"width":316,"height":316},600,{"bucket":293,"key":318},"\u002F2026-04\u002FC121_magazine image.png",{"id":296,"title":297,"relativeURL":298,"image":299,"professionLong":300,"profession":320,"weight":261},{"name":302},"\u002Fmagazine\u002Ftest-for-hyperlipidemia",246,"5m",{"created":325,"updated":326,"published":327},1777403036,1777572381,1777412421,{"id":329,"title":330,"text":331,"image":332,"author":337,"path":346,"readDuration":347,"readDurationFormatted":348,"internal":349},1347,"Outpatient care for COPD exacerbations","Most acute COPD exacerbations can be managed with outpatient treatment. Learn how to treat mild and moderate COPD exacerbations—and when to escalate care.",{"alt":333,"title":289,"size":334,"location":335},"Older patient using a handheld nebulizer to inhale bronchodilator medication during an acute COPD exacerbation",{"width":316,"height":316},{"bucket":293,"key":336},"\u002F2026-04\u002FC133(4)_ exacerbations_magazine image.png",{"id":338,"title":339,"relativeURL":340,"image":341,"professionLong":342,"profession":343,"weight":345},5365,"Siamak Moayedi, MD","\u002Fteachers\u002Fsiamak-moayedi-md","https:\u002F\u002Fmedmastery-backend-prod-kjbeds.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Fmedia\u002Fimages\u002F9c43cf02-1064-4074-817b-0eb5de6ded74","Professor and Director of Medical Student Education, University of Maryland and Course Director, Essential and Critical Procedures, Emergency Medicine.",{"name":344},"Emergency medicine physician",1533,"\u002Fmagazine\u002Facute-copd-exacerbation-treatment",191,"4m",{"created":350,"updated":351,"published":352},1776705362,1776710540,1776710541,{"seo":354,"og":356},{"title":355,"description":213},"Interpreting abnormal PFT patterns | Medmastery",{"title":355,"description":213,"image":357},{"alt":289,"title":289,"size":358,"location":361},{"width":359,"height":360},1474,796,{"bucket":293,"key":362},"\u002Fmigrated-images\u002FScreen Shot 2018-12-15 at 1.16.35 pm.png",{"id":364,"created":365,"updated":366,"published":365},283,1543411572,1655189586]